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Type

Course

Know-how

Years

2008 2026
ECAL X MHL – ECAL After Schmid

PHOTOGRAPHY

ECAL X MHL – ECAL After Schmid

with Philippe Jarrigeon

Drawing inspiration from the 19th-century archives of photographer André Schmid, second-year Bachelor’s students collaborated with the Lausanne History Museum to create an inspiring dialogue between the past and the present. For most of the students, his name was unfamiliar. Discovering his work, preserved in the collections of the Lausanne History Museum, opened up a field of exploration that was both historical and artistic. Through André Schmid’s images, a foundational chapter in Swiss photography was revealed to them. Through an immersion in the archives, they were invited to engage in a dialogue with this pioneering practice—not to cite or reproduce it, but to reimagine it, question it, and interpret it, thereby creating a tension between the origins of photography and its most contemporary developments.

Documentary film workshop with Verena Paravel - 2026

FILM STUDIES

Documentary film workshop with Verena Paravel - 2026

with Verena Paravel

The 2026 documentary film workshop for 2nd year students was lead by french director and visual anthropologist Verena Paravel.

Documentary Film Workshop with Marie-Eve Hildbrand - 2026

FILM STUDIES

Documentary Film Workshop with Marie-Eve Hildbrand - 2026

with Marie-Eve Hildbrand

The 2026 documentary film workshop for 1st year students was lead by swiss director Marie-Eve Hildbrand.

Type Design  BA2 – S2 2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Type Design BA2 – S2 2026

with Aurèle Sack

Second-year students were required to develop the whole alphabet for one typeface.

Editorial Design – BA2 S2 2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Editorial Design – BA2 S2 2026

with Diego Bontognali

As part of this editorial design course, students developed a research-based project focused on the selection and design of texts around a shared theme. Based on a curated set of sources, each project presents two editions with identical content, produced in both a large and a small format.

Visual Identity – BA2 S2 2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Visual Identity – BA2 S2 2026

with Adeline Mollard

As part of the visual identity course with Adeline Mollard, the students developed a visual identity based on a randomly drawn business card. By appropriating a graphic element and its title, each project offers a singular interpretation of it. Each proposal also involves the selection of a tool linked to the associated event (tattoo machine, sander, lithography equipment, etc.), used as a conceptual and graphic extension of the project. The identity is deployed across a range of formats, from business card to F4 size, including posters, flyers, business cards, as well as an animated poster.

Contextual Design – BA2 S2 2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Contextual Design – BA2 S2 2026

with Adeline Mollard

Genius Loci, or the spirit of the place, refers to the unique identity or essence of a location. In architecture, this principle suggests that the specific characteristics of a place should be reflected and extended in a design. In the case of the second-year graphic design students, they have applied this principle to communication projects focused on promoting or extending the identity of a particular place through design. Their work likely explores how to visually capture and communicate the essence of a space, using graphic design elements that resonate with the architectural features or history of the place.

Image Creation - Mirrored Motifs (ECAL × Chillon) - BA1 2025-2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Image Creation - Mirrored Motifs (ECAL × Chillon) - BA1 2025-2026

with Guy Meldem

As part of the ECAL x Chillon exhibition, which will take place at the eponymous castle, the students of the Bachelor in Graphic Design have created patterns inspired by the castle’s features. Under the supervision of Guy Meldem, they developed a variety of graphic systems. These patterns will be printed as hangings in the armory hall of Chillon Castle.

Visual Identity - “?”  - BA1 S2 2025-2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Visual Identity - “?” - BA1 S2 2025-2026

with Adeline Mollard

Last year, the Marché du Temple, an iconic grocery store located in front of ECAL, closed its doors, leaving behind precious memories and a warm atmosphere that had enlivened the neighborhood for decades. This semester, students had the opportunity to reinvent this space by designing a complete visual identity for a new fictional business. Their work resulted in a poster and its animated version, a booklet, and a proposal for a new storefront. To celebrate the end of the semester, an exhibition was organized in the former premises of the Marché du Temple.

Screen Design - Flexible Event - BA1 S2 2025-2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Screen Design - Flexible Event - BA1 S2 2025-2026

with Harry Bloch

As part of the Screen Design course with Harry Bloch, students freely chose an event as the starting point for their project. Using documentary, textual, and iconographic research, each student developed a digital edition conceived as an interactive and flexible poster, responsive to changes in screen format and dimensions. The project thus explores layout as a living system rather than a fixed composition. Each proposal is accompanied by conceptual and formal reflection, connecting event content with experimentation in the screen medium.

Type Design - BA1 S2 2025-2026

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Type Design - BA1 S2 2025-2026

with Robert Huber

The creation of a logotype involves establishing a distinct visual identity, embedded in a clearly defined universe. First-year Graphic Design students designed a fully hand-drawn logotype, connected to a subject, a concept, or an environment of their own choice. This work was based on thorough research in typographic archives. Each student compiled a reference notebook and developed a set of specimens, in order to enrich and structure their graphic and formal thinking.

Dynamic Identity - 2026

MEDIA & INTERACTION DESIGN

Dynamic Identity - 2026

with Angelo Benedetto

First-year students designed visual identities for fictional museums. As part of the Dynamic Display course led by Angelo Benedetto, this project led them to create graphic universes that that express the character of each imaginary exhibition site.

Beyond Clicks

DIGITAL EXPERIENCE DESIGN

Beyond Clicks

with Gaël Hugo, Paul Lëon

The Mind Reader Interface shifts computing from the reactive to the proactive: from a system that obeys commands to one that anticipates them. Where smart environments cast their users as pilots issuing constant instructions, this project removes the friction of instruction altogether. Intention is no longer declared through a screen or a button. It is inferred. Reading context, habit and the signals of presence, the interface acts before it is asked. It sheds the form of the device to become a Ghost in the Room that senses rather than obeys. The user no longer pilots the space; they inhabit it. The system does not read thoughts, only traces, and stages the distance between anticipation and understanding: what we gain, and what we quietly surrender, when a space begins to act on our behalf.

Staged Photography – 2026

PHOTOGRAPHY

Staged Photography – 2026

with Charlotte Krieger

Unseen This course introduces students to the creation of a seven-image series built around the theme Unseen. They will learn to combine set design, characters, and lighting to produce strong, coherent staged images. Through a practical and technical approach, the course develops their ability to conceive and manage a complete photographic project, direct models, work with natural and artificial light, and collaborate under conditions similar to professional editorial or commercial shoots. Students will refine their photographic vision while preparing for the creative and technical demands of the industry.

Analog Medium format workshop – 2026

PHOTOGRAPHY

Analog Medium format workshop – 2026

with Anoush Abrar

Deconstructed Portrait The goal of this workshop, led by photographer Anoush Abrar, is to explore the meaning of the contemporary portrait.  Working with the concept of the “deconstructed portrait,” the students created an image in pairs.  The Digital Medium Format workshop week serves as an introduction to both photography equipment and specialized software.

Création cinématographique– 2026

PHOTOGRAPHY

Création cinématographique– 2026

with Orsola Valenti

Off-camera By exploring what lies outside the frame, students develop a sensitive and reflective approach to audiovisual creation. Throughout the semester, students are encouraged to reflect on the political and formal issues surrounding the moving image, as well as the relationship between the visible and the invisible.

Création photographique– 2026

PHOTOGRAPHY

Création photographique– 2026

with Natacha Lesueur

Documentary, the power of make-believe Based on projects developed around a common theme, the students develop a personal, in-depth project around the theme of pretense. They build a project that plays with the limits of veracity in photography, using it as an artifice of deception.

Morgane Beslay – Le Mur (Directing)

FILM STUDIES

Morgane Beslay – Le Mur (Directing)

by Morgane Beslay

Following their difficult separation, Eliane and Laure have to repaint a wall of the house they are leaving, a wall as full of their own history as that of others before them.

Nafi Touré – Le Mur (Photography)

FILM STUDIES

Nafi Touré – Le Mur (Photography)

by Nafi Touré

Following their difficult separation, Eliane and Laure have to repaint a wall of the house they are leaving, a wall as full of their own history as that of others before them.

Maéna Hirt – Pauvre Pauvre Timothy

FILM STUDIES

Maéna Hirt – Pauvre Pauvre Timothy

by Maéna Hirt

Timothy disappears. Then Astride's friends vanish, and soon the entire town seems to fade away without explanation.

Robin Kaufmann – Sous ma peau

FILM STUDIES

Robin Kaufmann – Sous ma peau

by Robin Kaufmann

The night Gabriel celebrates his abuser’s conviction, he is confronted with Lucien’s tenderness.

Charlyne Genoud – Respirer une fois sur trois

FILM STUDIES

Charlyne Genoud – Respirer une fois sur trois

by Charlyne Genoud

In group strength-training classes, people breathe in unison every day. Charlyne lifts weights alongside three retired women who love to sing. What if a cheerful gym could be the place to break our family curses?

Jann Kessler – se métamorphoser ?

FILM STUDIES

Jann Kessler – se métamorphoser ?

by Jann Kessler

How do I build healthy, equal relationships? An intimate cinematic-therapeutic journey of discovery.

Floriane Roulin – Petites Bouées

FILM STUDIES

Floriane Roulin – Petites Bouées

by Floriane Roulin

During their father’s wedding preparations, Sophie and Mila are confronted with their childhood memories.

Mathys Nouspikel – Capriccio

FILM STUDIES

Mathys Nouspikel – Capriccio

by Mathys Nouspikel

Arsène runs away before playing for his dying grandfather, but an unexpected encounter helps him find the courage to return.

Pauline Pichard – GLORYLAND

FILM STUDIES

Pauline Pichard – GLORYLAND

by Pauline Pichard

Last spring, unknown lights appeared in the sky above Lausanne. In a garden, the last fragment of an ordinary Eden, tales blur with rumours after a series of strange disappearances.

Côme Brocas – MountResilience

Design Research for Digital Innovation (EPFL+ECAL Lab)

Côme Brocas – MountResilience

by Côme Brocas

How can we facilitate dialogue, engagement, and decision-making in response to the challenges of water management and climate change in mountain regions? This replicable demonstrator from the European project MountResilience is the result of participatory and interdisciplinary research conducted in the heart of the Valais Alps. The web application brings together experts and the general public around three interconnected sections: relative indicators provide a shared overview of the situation in real time, participatory field observations foster engagement, and a catalog raises awareness of local solutions. The evaluative study of the tool identified several factors influencing engagement in the design of climate change adaptation solutions.

Sofia Lelis – Èvokâ II

Design Research for Digital Innovation (EPFL+ECAL Lab)

Sofia Lelis – Èvokâ II

by Sofia Lelis

Èvokâ II is an interactive installation that invites visitors to the Cantonal and University Library of Fribourg to enter into dialogue with the archives. Through an AI-based conversational interface, a presence living within the collections gathers memories connected to the canton and, in return, reveals fragments, stories and traces of Fribourg's heritage. This design research project explores how digital archives can become more accessible and resonant, questioning what connects us to a collective identity: places, emotions, stories and lived memories. Developed with the Swiss Data Science Center and supported by the Swiss National Library, Èvokâ II transforms archival consultation into an intimate experience, between personal memory and shared history.

Zeynep Erol – SWITCH – Sofra

Design Research for Digital Innovation (EPFL+ECAL Lab)

Zeynep Erol – SWITCH – Sofra

by Zeynep Erol

Sofra is a culturally adaptive conversational agent that supports dietary behaviour change by understanding how people relate to food. Developed within the EU SWITCH project, it builds a personal food culture from photos, mind maps, and voice notes that users provide to represent their everyday practices, motivations, and heritage. This profile shapes the agent's tone and suggestions, moving guidance from generic to grounded in each person's context. Developed through three user studies, the project shows how cultural resonance makes dietary support more relevant, respectful, and engaging. Combining interaction design and AI prompt engineering, Sofra challenges universal approaches to health technology and advocates for systems that adapt to, rather than flatten, cultural differences.

Vittorio Franzolini – Still still

PHOTOGRAPHY

Vittorio Franzolini – Still still

by Vittorio Franzolini

Still still investigates the legacy of Fascist-era architecture in Italy. Inspired by Futurist "parole in libertà", the title stems from the repetition of the same word, generating an ambiguity between stillness and movement. Produced between Milan and Rome using analogue photography, the project seeks to desacralize these buildings through close and displaced viewpoints, moving away from their monumental and celebratory representation. Walls and surfaces appear like skin marked by erosion, dust and traces of time, transforming symbols of power into fragile and vulnerable bodies. Still still reflects on the persistence of certain aesthetics of authority in the present and takes the form of a book and an installation printed in Comcolor.

Lee Eggenschwiler – Standard Values

PHOTOGRAPHY

Lee Eggenschwiler – Standard Values

by Lee Eggenschwiler

Standard Values explores the opaque economy of colored gemstones in Bangkok. Conceived as a visual investigation, this project focuses on the gray areas of this industry, capturing the precise moment when trust mechanisms and global flows transform a simple stone into a standardized ideal of luxury. The book confronts the raw materiality of the gems with the urban space, creating a dialogue between the facets of the crystals and the architecture of the skyscrapers to reveal their similarities and inclusions. Yet, the images also reveal a sense of solitude within an illusory opulence, moving between empty shops and anonymous bodies.

Rose Graf – EVERYTHING FALLS QUIET

PHOTOGRAPHY

Rose Graf – EVERYTHING FALLS QUIET

by Rose Graf

There are moments no one sees. Not because they don't exist, but because no one ever really looks. EVERYTHING FALLS QUIET grew from an intimate memory, one of school bullying. Familiar places swallowed by an unnatural darkness, bodies sharing space without ever truly meeting, a tension that lingers without breaking. Between recollection and fiction, between the real and the dreamlike. A way of taking back what was once taken. Of holding still these invisible moments, and finally giving them a face.

Léa Isoard – Almost Marble

PHOTOGRAPHY

Léa Isoard – Almost Marble

by Léa Isoard

Almost Marble examines the circulation of contemporary female bodies within a visual and cultural landscape shaped by inherited representations. Using the Caryatids of the Acropolis as a reference, the project explores the persistence of ideals constructed through a masculine gaze, as well as the possibilities for their displacement. Within the Athenian labyrinth, portraits and architectural fragments come together to form a sensitive reading of a stratified city. The photographed figures can be understood as "displaced Caryatids": no longer bodies assigned to support a monument, but living presences that inhabit the city and constitute it from within.

Farah Mirzayeva – ANOMALIES

PHOTOGRAPHY

Farah Mirzayeva – ANOMALIES

by Farah Mirzayeva

Inspired by a background in chemistry, ANOMALIES explores the boundary between scientific imagery and visual construction. After photographing machines which process or store data in EPFL laboratories, the images are modified by using scanning as a tool of transformation, to alter, glitch and deform. The process mimics the machines themselves: the codified images are systematically rescanned to gain new materiality, they become textured, unstable, and paradoxically analogue. The installation recreates the skeleton of a microscope seen in a laboratory, becoming a modular photographic sculpture of metal. A book completes this project: through sequencing, zooms and accumulation, it mirrors data processing in order to reveal the immateriality and abstraction of scientific research.

Ashley Schneiter – AMUL RAGAL

PHOTOGRAPHY

Ashley Schneiter – AMUL RAGAL

by Ashley Schneiter

AMUL RAGAL is a documentary photographic project dedicated to lamb, a practice deeply rooted in Senegal's cultural, social, and spiritual traditions. Through this work, the artist questions the photographic representation of the Black male body and the imaginaries associated with it. Senegalese wrestling offers a field where rituals, beliefs, and contemporary culture intersect. As a woman working in an almost exclusively male environment, the artist developed a gaze sensitive to the gestures, nuances, moments of waiting, and vulnerability that escape the spectacle. The use of a shallow depth of field turns blur into a narrative tool, conveying the uncertain boundary between reality, belief, and representation.

Auriane Nicollier – Everything Will Remain Except the House

PHOTOGRAPHY

Auriane Nicollier – Everything Will Remain Except the House

by Auriane Nicollier

Everything Will Remain Except the House is a documentary project following the residents of a squatted building over the course of nearly a year. After their eviction, some found new places to live, while others were left homeless. The project explores how intimacy is shaped within temporary, collective, and precarious living spaces. Each occupied place must be adapted, shared, and reinvented. Through this instability, a sense of home is defined more by the relationships it fosters than by the space it occupies. Presented as a publication bringing together photographs and testimonies, Everything Will Remain Except the House preserves the memory of a place that has disappeared while offering a reflection on housing precarity, collective living, and mutual aid.

Shiny Vallenas – The Money Shot Always Tastes Like Bunnies And Donuts

PHOTOGRAPHY

Shiny Vallenas – The Money Shot Always Tastes Like Bunnies And Donuts

by Shiny Vallenas

The codes of pornography have profoundly reshaped the representation of women within contemporary imagery. From the porno chic aesthetic of the 2000s to the clean girl aesthetic that dominates social media today, the same close-ups and fragmented bodies continue to circulate. Desire, being inherent to the image itself, now takes on disguised forms in response to censorship, transforming into viral trends. This project combines staged photography and AI-generated imagery to reconstruct visual dispositifs drawn from porn casting videos, OnlyFans, and the language of advertising. By tracing formal correspondences between the body, the animal, and processes of objectification, it seeks to make visible what a continuous flow of images has taught us to stop seeing.

Salomé Billato – Grosse

PHOTOGRAPHY

Salomé Billato – Grosse

by Salomé Billato

Grosse is a photographic book that combines self-portraits, documentary images, and fictional images exploring the contemporary body. By reclaiming the word "grosse", a term marked by shame and stigma, this project questions beauty standards and their hold over our relationship to the body. It draws on the artist's personal experience with Wegovy, a weight-loss treatment that intensified constant monitoring of her body. Grosse explores a central contradiction: the criticism of these norms while participating in them. The book questions how far we are willing to reshape our bodies in order to conform to socially constructed ideals.

Colas Ravey – Un goût salé m'est resté en bouche

PHOTOGRAPHY

Colas Ravey – Un goût salé m'est resté en bouche

by Colas Ravey

The beach, in video games as in real life, is a place dear to the artist. It is a space where people, sensations, and moments of life intertwine. A place where people's identities and sexuality are at the mercy of the sun and the heat. Un goût salé m'est resté en bouche is a reminiscence of childhood, a time when video games were pixelated worlds where anything seemed possible, free from questions about self-image and love. Drawing inspiration from low-poly aesthetics, the project evokes a suspended moment where voyeurism, sunbathing, and flirting coexist. A moment where the artist becomes the avatar of a multi-purpose game, navigating between desire and freedom, intimate and public, in a quest for something that might be love.

Antoine Genoud – Galé j'armayi

PHOTOGRAPHY

Antoine Genoud – Galé j'armayi

by Antoine Genoud

Galé j'armayi explores how the figure of the peasant is represented in Switzerland, where it is deeply intertwined with national identity. More broadly, the project invites viewers to question their relationship to an idealized and exploited past, as well as to the traditions to which they are attached, in order to reclaim them. Visually, this takes the form of a video piece and a series of self-portraits where pose, clothing, and objects combine to recreate traditional peasant imagery while introducing a certain dissonance in order to challenge it. Furthermore, the roles of men and women are played by the artist himself, questioning certain notions of gender and traditional, conservative values.

Aline Savioz – I feel slightly off

PHOTOGRAPHY

Aline Savioz – I feel slightly off

by Aline Savioz

Born out of a period of introspection, I feel slightly off transforms invisible emotions such as anxiety and a loss of meaning into carefully constructed scenes. Through portraits, group scenes, and still lifes, familiar situations subtly shift toward the uncanny. Inspired by the concepts of the uncanny (Sigmund Freud) and the uncanny valley (Masahiro Mori), the images play on subtle shifts that create a tension between the everyday and the unsettling. Bringing together nine large-format photographs and an image printed on a floor mat, the installation offers a reflection on the relationship to control, anxiety, and the perception of reality, while seeking to make visible intimate experiences that are often shared but rarely expressed.

Type Design BA3 – S1 25–26

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Type Design BA3 – S1 25–26

with Aurèle Sack

The third-year students had to develop a typeface and digitize it.

ECAL AT THE FESTIVAL DES CABANES, VILLA MÉDICIS, ROME

PRODUCT DESIGN

ECAL AT THE FESTIVAL DES CABANES, VILLA MÉDICIS, ROME

with Camille Blin

For the 2026 Festival des Cabanes at the Villa Medici in Rome, students from the Master in Product Design were invited to develop a project related to the Villa's garden, in collaboration with the renowned Italian ceramics manufacturer Mutina. The Villa's gardens offer a rich historical and spatial context, conducive to exploring aesthetics, function, and interaction with visitors. Students had access to the entire Mutina catalogue (tiles, bricks, and other materials) to build their installations. The project was selected and mentored by the French designer Ronan Bouroullec, ECAL, Villa Medici and Mutina.

A Matter of Frames - Workshop avec Vera van de Seyp

GRAPHIC DESIGN

MEDIA & INTERACTION DESIGN

A Matter of Frames - Workshop avec Vera van de Seyp

by Malik Ahmed, Alexander Anhorn, Melissa Appelon, Marc Auderset, Olivia Bindon, Baptiste Boulanger, Suriya Brambilla, Diego Buccelloni, Marta Casemi, Davia Ciccoli Trannoy, Alizée Clavien, Timoféi Cruz, Ethan Degano, Nora Dizeko, Andrea Domínguez Formet, Mathias Dugenne, Mathias Gelin, Tanguy Genier, Lila Gomez Gaillet, Juliana Granato, Xenia Grange, Bérangère Gremion, Helena Hell, Rocio Hernandez, Salomé Huwiler, Rebecca Indermühle, Kevin Jeangros, Nolan Latorre, Jose Pardo Pariente, Zachary Ramelet, Gabrielle Richard, Théo Rizzo, Alessia Rollini, Malcolm Semedo Barreto, Anastassia Siebold, Philippe Strässle Zuniga, Baptiste Sultana, Luna Tavernier, Margaux Tinguely

Traduire le mouvement en matière

Workshop with Rineke Dijkstra

PHOTOGRAPHY

Workshop with Rineke Dijkstra

with Rineke Dijkstra

What is good portrait? What technique do you choose? What kind of light do you use? Daylight or flash? What location or backdrop do you choose for? How do you choose your subject? How do you approach someone you don’t know? In this workshop, the students have explored what makes a good portrait and which tools you can use to create one.

Ethical, Accessible and Mindful Design

DIGITAL EXPERIENCE DESIGN

Ethical, Accessible and Mindful Design

with Irene Pereyra

Ethical, Accessible & Mindful Design is a one-week module that trains students to examine the ethical dimensions of design decisions. Through practice, students learn to design experiences that are inclusive, transparent, and considerate of their broader social impact. This semester, the module took low-vision accessibility as its central design constraint. Working under the brief Goodbye to All …, students were asked to guide a user through a permanent, irreversible, and non-negotiable farewell. Beyond WCAG compliance, the exercise required sustained attention to contrast across all interface states, legible typography, keyboard-only navigation, focus visibility, and layout integrity at both 100% and 300% zoom, without loss of hierarchy or readability.

Image Creation BA3 – S1 25–26

GRAPHIC DESIGN

Image Creation BA3 – S1 25–26

with Guy Meldem

Third-year students had to produce an edition over half a semester, discovering as their subject an event that appeared in the newspaper on the date of the first lesson.

Portfol.io

MEDIA & INTERACTION DESIGN

Portfol.io

with David Liebermann, Maximilian Kiepe, Jana Reddemann

Hello World! Goodbye predictable, standardized and interchangeable web. Students questioned the conventions of the digital World, explored the Wide possibilities of the medium, and even invented new approaches to interact with the Web. And what better way to give web design meaning than through the students own portfolios, understood as expressions of attitude and personality. https://websites.ecal-mid.ch/

The Mechanics of Cinema in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

The Mechanics of Cinema in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

with Benoit Rossel

This research project by the Film Department at ECAL aims to assess the impact of artificial intelligence on cinema and film education.

A Story for a Shape – Workshop avec Mélanie Courtinat

MEDIA & INTERACTION DESIGN

A Story for a Shape – Workshop avec Mélanie Courtinat

with Mélanie Courtinat

Ce workshop explore la paréidolie, notre capacité à projeter du sens et des émotions sur des formes abstraites. À partir d'une primitive géométrique (cube, sphère, cône...), matrice fondamentale de tout univers numérique, les étudiant·e·s en binômes doivent concevoir une expérience en réalité virtuelle. En s'appuyant sur une synchronisation précise entre l'espace physique et un environnement Unreal Engine, le projet transforme ces objets fixes en supports narratifs.

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